In order to understand how anti arrhythmic drugs we overview cardiomyocyte physiology. These drugs alter the flow of electrolytes to...

Although alcohol and cirrhosis are a well known risk factors for hepatocellular cancer there are several other important things to...

Neurofibromatosis are tumours that arise from the brain, spinal cord or nerves. We describe the clinical features of the two types of...

Bleeding disorders can either be primary (superficial bleeds, usually on the skin) or secondary (usually deeper, more dangerous but less...

Postural hypotension, or a big drop in posture when standing up, can cause dizziness and may present a falls risk. Most often there is no...

Motor neuron is a debilitating neurological disease with a poor prognosis. An interesting feature of ALS, the most common form of motor...

Pyloric stenosis is an important presentation of vomiting in paediatrics. Hallmark findings are projectile vomiting (ie vomiting that may...

Pleural effusions occur when fluid accumulates between the tissues that coat the lung and the chest. Pleural effusions can be broken down...

Thyroid cancer is an important cancer because it is becoming more common, yet thankfully has a generally good prognosis. We explain the...

Fractures, or broken bones, commonly occur in patients of all ages. It is important to differentiate from a low-impact pathological...

Lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system. Hodgkin and Non Hodgkins are the two main types of lymphomas. We analyse the histology and...

Dialysis is an important and lifesaving therapy with utility in both acute and chronic presentations. Here, we outline the indications...

Foot and ankle injuries are extremely common presentations within musculoskeletal care. Symptoms can often be located in specific areas,...

Urinary incontinence is defined as the loss of bladder control and this often leads to “accidents” that can be embarrassing. We explain...

Seronegative arthritis, as the name suggests, is a chronic form of arthritis where there is serum-negative Rheumatoid factor. We overview...

Bipolar disorder is a common mood disorder and should be considered a differential for a range of presentations, including depression....

PCOS is an important cause of infertility or menstrual abnormalities that can often go undiagnosed for a long time. We explain other...

Drug overdoses are unfortunately extremely common. We overview the common types of drugs that are overdosed, with examples and common...

Pancreatic cancer has a high rate of mortality due to poorly differentiated symptoms, quick spread and ability to develop resistance to a...

Lung cancer is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in the community. Adenocarcinoma is now the most common cancer, found in...